Building Materials Tests

Hardness is defined as the resistance of a material against dynamic or static forces to scratch, cut, friction or plastic deformation. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the subject of hardness has been investigated and various tests have been carried out.

First of all, hardness tests were developed by Brinell at the beginning of 1900. In these tests, a ball made of hard material of a certain size was pressed onto the surface of the material to be tested with a certain load and for a certain time and the trace area formed on the surface was observed. Brinell, with his calculations, the surface area of ​​the material opened, the diameter of the ball as a function of the depth of the track has determined.

Another researcher, Vickers, conducted a hardness test using a square-based diamond pyramid. In these tests, a diamond, square pyramid tip with 136 degree angle was immersed to the surface of the material to be tested with a certain force and for a certain time and the trace area formed after the load was removed. Vickers, in his calculations by measuring the diagonals of this track area, found that the hardness value of a material is the ratio of load to permissible surface area.

One of the hardness tests is the Rockwell hardness test. Here, too, Rockwell is applied to a material surface with a steel ball of a certain size or a conical diamond with a tip angle 120 grade and tip diameter 0,2 mm. First, a fixed small load was applied and the end of the trace formed by the tip on the surface of the material was taken, then the load was increased to a higher level and the increase in the second track depth compared to the first track was measured.

Hardness test results are an important factor in many quality control processes and research and development studies. The properties of a material such as strength, ductility and abrasion resistance are determined by hardness tests. It is determined whether the material to be used in this way is suitable for the product. In these tests, the resistance of one material to permanent deformation by penetrating another harder material is measured. Therefore, in a hardness test, the applied load is evaluated with a certain loading profile, a certain loading time and a certain indentation geometry.

A hardness test is carried out by printing a specially sized and loaded object on the surface of the material to be tested, as described in the test examples above. The hardness value is calculated by measuring the penetration depth of the recess or by measuring the dimensions of the trace formed on the surface of the material. To determine which test method to choose, the microstructure of the material should be examined. For example, the type of material, homogeneity, size and condition of the part are important here. When determining a hardness test method, it is also important whether compliance with a standard is required.

There are countless standards taken into account in the hardness tests. Here are a few of them:

• TS EN ISO 6506-1 Metallic materials - Brinell hardness test - Part 1: Test method
• TS EN ISO 6507-1 Metallic materials - Vickers hardness test - Part 1: Test method
• TS EN ISO 6508-1 Metallic materials - Rockwell hardness test - Part 1: Test method
• TS EN ISO 14577-1 Metallic materials - Instrument trace test for hardness and material parameters - Part 1: Test method

Our company also provides hardness testing services within the scope of other testing services. Thanks to these services, enterprises are able to produce more efficient, high performance and quality products in a safe, fast and uninterrupted manner.

Hardness testing services provided within the scope of other testing services are only one of the services provided by our organization in this respect. Many other testing services are also available.

Fever exists in almost every aspect of everyday life. There is no moment of fire from smoking to cooking, from the use of industrial ovens to welding. Fire has become a basic requirement of modern life. The rapid industrialization of today requires more use of fire, but at the same rate, security measures are more on the agenda than ever before. An uncontrollable fire makes it extremely dangerous and destructive. Today, with a somewhat metaphorical approach, fever is defined as a living being that consumes both oxygen and matter for survival. Approximately one thousand years ago, 790 was the first people to use fever as controlled. Traces of this have been identified today.

When a flame starts in an environment containing flammable materials, it starts to produce heat, develops rapidly and produces more and more heat. This raises the ambient temperature and radiant heat and temperature ignite the materials in the environment. This point in time is called exacerbation. Flammability leads to a fully developed fire in a very short time.

When the flare starts, each polymer releases approximately 20 by weight of carbon monoxide and causes very toxic fumes. Approximately 90 of fire deaths is due to the large size of fires and the generation of too much toxic smoke.

There are many different definitions of a combustion event. What they all have in common, however, is that where a fuel combines with oxygen, a chemical reaction produces heat. A fire is a combination of heat, fuel and oxygen. These three components are the main components of the combustion event.

Flash point tests performed in advanced laboratories are based on standards and methods published by domestic and foreign organizations, in particular those published by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the International Standards Organization (ISO). These tests are applied to petroleum, chemicals, fuels, consumer goods and many other materials, especially textile products.

In general, flash point tests use Abel flash point tester, Pensky-Martens flash point tester, Cleveland flash point and flash point tester and similar devices.

For example, according to the ASTM D93-18 standard (the Pensky-Martens closed cup tester and flash point standard test methods standard), the flash point temperature is a measure of the tendency of the sample under test to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. Flash point is used to identify flammable materials in transport and safety regulations.

The results of this test method are elements of a risk assessment that takes into account all factors that apply to the assessment of the fire hazard of a particular product. This test method generally offers only closed cup flash point test procedures up to 370 degree temperature.

Our company also provides flash point testing services within the scope of other testing services. Thanks to these services, enterprises are able to produce more efficient, high performance and quality products in a safe, fast and uninterrupted manner. Other standards used in these tests are:

• TS EN ISO 2719 Flash point determination - Pensky martens closed cup method
• TS EN ISO 3679 Determination of flash and non-flash point - Fast equilibrium closed cup method
• TS EN ISO 13736 Flash point determination - Abel closed cup method

Flash point test services provided under other test services are only one of the services provided by our organization in this respect. Many other testing services are also available.

By corrosion is meant a natural process which converts a refined metal to a more chemically stable form, such as oxide, hydroxide or sulfite. Corrosion is the gradual damage of metal materials, usually caused by chemical or electrochemical reactions in an environment. In other words, chemical reactions between the metal and the environment occur during the corrosion process and as a result, the metal material deteriorates. On the one hand, the nature of the metal, on the other hand, the environmental conditions, in particular the liquids and gases that come into contact with the metal, have an effect on the shape and speed of deterioration.

All types of metals can corrode, which means they can corrode. In these pure iron materials rust very quickly. However, stainless steel combining iron and other alloys is stronger against corrosion. Precious metals such as gold, platinum and palladium are not easily oxidized and are less reactive than other metals. Therefore, they rarely rust. These are metals that can be found in pure form in nature.

There are several causes of metal corrosion. It is possible to prevent corrosion by adding alloy to a pure metal. Some metals can be prevented from rusting by careful combination of metals. The most common types of corrosion are general corrosion, localized corrosion and galvanic corrosion. The most common form of corrosion is general corrosion on the entire surface of a metal structure. It is caused by chemical or electrochemical reactions. General corrosion causes metal degradation, but is a preventable form of corrosion. Localized corrosion occurs only in certain areas of a metal structure. Small holes or cracks occur on a metal surface. Galvanic corrosion occurs when two different metals are placed together in a liquid electrolyte, such as brine. In this case, the molecules of a metal are drawn towards the other metal, and only one of these two metals is corroded.

According to research, most of the corrosion (almost percent 25) can be eliminated by well-applied prevention techniques. However, corrosion is not only a cost benefit, but also a health and safety issue. An effective corrosion prevention system starts with a thorough understanding of the environmental conditions and metal properties at the design stage. Engineers have to work with metallurgists on this subject. Possible chemical interactions between the metals used in surfaces and fittings must be known from the outset.

For long and trouble-free operation in an environment, it is necessary to be knowledgeable about the corrosion event and the effects of corrosion on the environment. By selecting the most efficient material for a particular application, significant material damage and component failures due to corrosion can be eliminated.

There are numerous standards taken into account in corrosion tests. By way of example, only a few standards in this regard are as follows:

• TS EN ISO 11463 Corrosion of metals and alloys - Evaluation of hollow corrosion
• TS 1299 EN ISO 6251 Liquefied petroleum gases - Determination of copper corrosion - Copper strip method
• TS EN ISO 12944 Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures with protective paint systems
• TS EN ISO 7539 Corrosion of metals and alloys - Tensile corrosion tests
• TS EN ISO 8565 Metals and alloys - Atmospheric corrosion tests - General specifications for field tests

Our company also provides corrosion testing services within the scope of other testing services. Thanks to these services, enterprises are able to produce more efficient, high performance and quality products in a safe, fast and uninterrupted manner.

Corrosion testing services provided within the scope of other testing services are only one of the services provided by our organization in this respect. Many other testing services are also available.

A number of test methods have been developed to measure the flame spreading velocity of spun and ignited fabrics. In these tests, devices that measure the ignition and flame spread rate of garment fabrics are used. Such tests are required for compliance with applicable legal regulations and standards. Because the flame and ignition of garment fabrics used especially in working environments cause employees to experience health problems.

With the technological developments in the textile industry, flame retardant finishes are applied to the fabrics and the fabrics are made resistant to ignition and flame spread. These applications are made to both natural fabrics and synthetic fabrics. In general, natural fabrics with flame retardant finishing tend to form a charcoal with protective carbon. In contrast, synthetic fabrics tend to form a hole around the spark stream to prevent it from melting and preventing or reducing the possibility of ignition. In most fabrics, a significantly faster flame spread rate is generally observed in the inclined position.

Ignition is a theoretically visible combustion event. It is the temperature at which a point of the system must be heated for combustion. Or is the temperature at which the rate of heat developed as a result of ignition reactions causes ignition.

Flash point tests are performed to determine how easily a textile product will ignite or burn when exposed to fire or high temperature or when a fire or high temperature is in the vicinity. These tests are important in order to meet the requirements of legal regulations and related standards on the one hand and to remove them from being a risk for public safety, on the other hand to increase the competitiveness of the enterprises and avoid any sanctions.

Briefly, point-of-fire tests include different test methods for determining the propensity of the products to burn, their sensitivity to an ignition source, the rate of spread of flames during ignition, and hence the fragility of textile products. Each country has set the minimum burning point requirements for many types of materials and finished products to reduce the number of deaths and injuries caused by fires.

Compliance with published standards and regulatory principles is generally determined by third-party competent organizations and laboratories acting impartially and independently. The measurements, tests and analyzes carried out include tests such as ignition sensitivity, combustion rate, diffuse fire, ignition and flash point as well as the combustion point.

Flash point tests are applied to a wide range of textile products, from mattresses to canvas cloths, children's bed clothes to curtains, motor vehicle upholstery, carpets and rugs, protective clothing to furniture upholstery.

Our company also provides combustion point testing services within the scope of other testing services. Thanks to these services, enterprises are able to produce more efficient, high performance and quality products in a safe, fast and uninterrupted manner. The main standards used in these tests are:

• TS EN 1102 Textiles and textile products - Combustion property - Hall curtains and curtains - Detailed method for the determination of flame propagation of vertical test specimens
• TS EN 1103 Textile - Ready-to-wear garment fabrics - Detailed process for the determination of the combustion property of ready-made garments
• TS EN 14878 Textile - Burning behavior of children's night wear - Features
• TS 5193 Textile floor coverings - Combustion character - Tablet test at ambient temperature
• BS 5722 Specification for combustion performance of fabrics and combinations of fabrics used in nightwear

Flash point test services provided within the scope of other test services are only one of the services provided by our organization in this respect. Many other testing services are also available.